Written by: Rachel Holly
Vet-reviewed by: Kevin Smith, DVM, Richmond Road Vet Clinic
You’re out on your daily walk with your dog, enjoying the good weather and getting some exercise when you notice that something isn’t right. Instead of peeing and moving on, your pup seems to be straining to relieve himself. The urine comes out in a dribble rather than a stream and it appears to have blood in it. While it may simply be a urinary tract infection, your dog could be suffering from bladder stones, a fairly common health issue that can affect any dog.
What Are Bladder Stones?
Bladder stones, also known as urinary stones or uroliths, are hard, mineralized formations that occur in the bladder, and lead to a variety of health issues, including difficulty urinating, urinary infections, and even more severe conditions if left untreated.
Bladder stones are classified into three different types:
Struvite stones account for over 50% of cases and often form as a response to infection. They are usually rather large and round.
Calcium oxalate stones are often smaller and more commonly occur in older small breed dogs.
Urate stones are usually found in dalmaitians due to the breed’s inability to process purines, a common component in dog food. Only 5% of bladder stones are urate.
Understanding the causes and treatment options for bladder stones is important for dog owners as they decide on a course of action to alleviate this painful condition and help their dog maintain their health and well-being.
Symptoms of Bladder Stones
If you dog is suffering from bladder stones, here are the signs you’ll likely see:
Straining to urinate / starting and stopping
Blood in urine
Signs of pain/distress when urinating
Causes of Bladder Stones in Dogs
Bladder stones form when an imbalance of minerals in the urine crystallize and clump together. Over time, these crystals can grow into larger stones. Several factors contribute to the formation of bladder stones in dogs, and different types of stones are linked to distinct causes.
- Urinary pH Levels
One of the most significant factors influencing bladder stone formation is the pH level of a dog’s urine. Some dogs may have more alkaline or acidic urine, which creates a favorable environment for specific types of stones. - Dietary Factors
Diet plays a crucial role in bladder stone formation. High-protein diets, particularly those that are rich in certain minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, can increase the risk of stone formation. Excessive mineral intake or an imbalance in the dog’s diet may lead to the development of stones over time. Additionally, inadequate water intake can result in concentrated urine, further promoting the crystallization of minerals. - Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Certain types of bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs) are associated with the formation of struvite stones. These bacteria break down urea in the urine, leading to an increase in urine pH, which promotes the formation of struvite crystals. Recurrent UTIs may be an indicator of underlying bladder stone issues. - Genetic Predisposition
Some dog breeds are more genetically predisposed to developing bladder stones. Breeds like Miniature Schnauzers, Dalmatians, and Shih Tzus are at higher risk for certain types of stones. A dog’s genetic background can affect how their body processes minerals and how susceptible they are to conditions that promote stone formation. - Dehydration
Dogs that don’t drink enough water are at a higher risk of developing bladder stones. Dehydration leads to more concentrated urine, which facilitates the crystallization and subsequent formation of stones. Ensuring that your dog stays hydrated is essential for reducing the risk of stone formation.
Prevention of Bladder Stones in Dogs
While bladder stones cannot be prevented with certainty, several strategies can help minimize the risk of their formation.
- Proper Diet
Feeding your dog a balanced and age-appropriate diet is one of the most effective ways to prevent bladder stones. There are dog foods on the market that are specially formulated to reduce the risk of stone formation by controlling mineral levels and promoting urinary health. Consult your veterinarian for recommendations on the best diet for your dog’s specific needs, particularly if your dog has a history of bladder issues or is predisposed to certain types of stones. - Encourage Water Intake
Encouraging your dog to drink more water is another critical prevention strategy. If your dog isn’t drinking enough, try offering fresh water in different bowls, using a pet water fountain, or adding wet food to their diet to increase their water intake. Adequate hydration dilutes the urine, reducing the likelihood of mineral crystallization. - Regular Vet Checkups
Regular veterinary checkups allow for early detection of potential health issues, including bladder stones. During these visits, your vet can monitor your dog’s urinary health and provide advice on preventative measures based on their specific risk factors. - Manage Underlying Health Conditions
If your dog suffers from recurrent urinary tract infections or other health issues that increase the risk of bladder stones, work with your vet to manage and treat these conditions. Keeping infections under control and addressing any medical issues promptly can help prevent the formation of stones. - Pay Attention to Your Dog’s Behavior Know your dog’s habits and behavior when eliminating. Watch for signs like straining or bloody urine so you can get your dog treatment before the condition worsens.
Treatment Options for Bladder Stones in Dogs
If bladder stones are diagnosed, there are several treatment options available depending on the size, type, and location of the stones, as well as the overall health of the dog.
Dietary Management
In some cases, changes to the dog’s diet can help dissolve certain types of bladder stones, particularly struvite stones. Specialized prescription diets are available that can promote urinary health and may help break down the stones. These diets reduce the concentration of minerals in the urine, making it less likely for crystals to form. Your vet can recommend the right one for your pet.
Surgical Removal
For large or difficult-to-treat bladder stones, surgery may be required. During the procedure, the veterinarian will remove the stones from the bladder. This option is typically recommended when the stones are causing significant pain, urinary obstruction, or recurrent infections.
Urethral Stent or Cystotomy
If the stones cause urinary blockage, a procedure such as a cystotomy (surgical removal of the stones through the abdominal wall) may be performed. Alternatively, a urethral stent may be placed to help manage urine flow temporarily.
Non-Surgical Stone Removal
In some cases, non-invasive techniques like extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) may be used to break down the stones into smaller fragments, which can then be passed out of the urinary tract naturally. However, this option is not suitable for all types of stones or all dogs.
Bladder stones are a painful and potentially serious condition that can affect dogs of all breeds and sizes. While certain risk factors, such as genetics, diet, and urinary tract infections, can increase the likelihood of stone formation, preventative measures like proper hydration, a balanced diet, and regular veterinary checkups can help minimize the risk. With proper treatment, whether it be dietary management or surgery, your dog can continue to live a healthy and comfortable life.
